Participation in clean-up of oil spill associated with airway injury and chromosomal damage

In 2002, the oil tanker Prestige spilled more than 67 000 tons of bunker oil, heavily contaminating the coast of northwestern Spain. The study population included local fishermen who were highly exposed (n = 501) or not exposed (n = 177) to oil. They were evaluated 2 years after the spill.

Elevated markers of airway injury

Persons exposed to oil were at increased risk for lower respiratory tract symptoms (risk difference, 8.0). However, lung function did not significantly differ between the groups. Exposed participants also had higher levels of exhaled vascular endothelial growth factor (risk difference, 44.8) and basic fibroblast growth factor (risk difference, 16.0).

Human chromosomes (grey) capped by telomeres (white). Image source: Wikipedia, public domain.

Chromosomal damage

A higher proportion of exposed participants had structural chromosomal alterations (risk difference, 27.4), predominantly unbalanced alterations.

Participation in clean-up of a major oil spill was associated with persistent respiratory symptoms, elevated markers of airway injury in breath condensate, and chromosomal damage.

References:

Health Changes in Fishermen 2 Years After Clean-up of the Prestige Oil Spill. Ann Intern Med, October 19, 2010, vol. 153 no. 8 489-498.

Fish out of pills - Pharmaceuticals in drinking water

Fish out of pills - Pharmaceuticals in drinking water, NationalGeographic, April 01, 2010. Design Editor Oliver Uberti shows what went into the making of an information graphic about pharmaceuticals that make their way into our watersheds and end up in fish. Click here to see the full-size illustration.

A vast array of pharmaceuticals — including antibiotics, anti-convulsants, mood stabilizers and sex hormones — have been found in the drinking water supplies of at least 41 million Americans. The concentrations of these pharmaceuticals are tiny, far below the levels of a medical dose but the long-term consequences to human health are unknown.

The pharmaceutical industry points out the amount of medication in the water supply is the equivalent of a single pill in an Olympic-size swimming pool. Still, if you a have glass of water in Philadelphia, you are drinking tiny amounts of at least 56 medications.

References:

Antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants and sex hormones in drinking water of 41 million Americans http://goo.gl/HiXa

AP Probe Finds Drugs in Drinking Water. Associated Press.

Drugs in water causing troubling problems to fish, wildlife. CNN.
In U.S., bottled water lacks drug safeguards. CNN.

Pollution: Fish Pharm. NGM Blog Central.

Related reading:

Fish Pharm: Pharmaceutical Waste and the Environment. BitingTheDust, 2010.

Fishing For Answers: How To Choose Fish and Seafood | Summer Tomato http://goo.gl/0OBf
Something in the water - fluoxetine in this river, antihypertensives in that lake - BMJ, 2011.

Old drug, new warnings: Acetaminophen (paracetamol, Tylenol)

Acetaminophen is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Nearly half of acetaminophen-associated cases are due to unintentional overdose.

Especially vulnerable patients are:

- taking enzyme-inducing drugs
- chronic users of alcohol
- malnourished

Although no consensus has been reached on what is a safe dose in patients with liver disease, 4 g/day is too much: a total daily dose of no more than 2 g is recommended to decrease the risk of toxicity in these patients.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering banning acetaminophen-narcotic combination products.

References:
Acetaminophen: Old drug, new warnings. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine January 2010 vol. 77 1 19-27.
Image source: Amazon, used for illustrative purposes only - NOT a suggestion to purchase any medications.